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- $Unique_ID{BRK04170}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Reifenstein Syndrome}
- $Subject{Reifenstein Syndrome Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Partial
- Gilbert-Dreyfus Syndrome Incomplete Testicular Feminization Lubs Syndrome
- Rosewater Syndrome Type I Familial Incomplete Male Pseudohermaphroditis
- Klinefelter Syndrome Male Pseudohermaphroditism 17-Beta Hydroxysteroid
- Dehydrogenase Deficiency 17- Ketosteroid reductase Deficiency 17-Beta HSD
- 17-Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency 17-Hydroxylation Deficiency 3-Beta
- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency 3-Beta-HSD Deficiency }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 844:
- Reifenstein Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Reifenstein Syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, Partial
- Gilbert-Dreyfus Syndrome
- Incomplete Testicular Feminization
- Lubs Syndrome
- Rosewater Syndrome
- Type I Familial Incomplete Male Pseudohermaphroditis
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- Male Pseudohermaphroditism
- 17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 17-
- Ketosteroid reductase Deficiency and 17-Beta HSD)
- 17-Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency (also known as 17-Hydroxylation Deficiency)
- 3-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 3-Beta-HSD
- Deficiency)
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) is a hereditary
- form of male pseudohermaphroditism, a condition in which the male has testes
- but possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. The severity of
- androgen (male hormone) insensitivity determines how this syndrome will
- present itself. In mild cases of androgen resistance, infertility may be the
- only symptom. More severe cases may result in hardening of the tubules in
- the testis, failure of one or both testes to descend, an abnormal penis in
- which the urethra opens on the underside, and development of male breasts.
- The degree of feminization at puberty is not as marked as in other forms of
- pseudohermaphroditism.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The symptoms of Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) can
- vary greatly. In the least severe cases, the only symptom that presents
- itself may be infertility which is related to hardening of the tubules in the
- testis (seminiferous tubular sclerosis), and either very little or no sperm
- in the semen.
-
- In more severe cases, an abnormal penis in which the urethra opens on the
- underside (hypospadias), impaired production of male hormones due to
- dysfunction of gonads (hypogonadism), and excessive development of the male
- breasts (gynecomastia) may also occur. One or both testes may fail to
- descend normally, and a decrease in the functioning of the cells in the
- testis that produce androgens (leydic cell hyperplasia) may lead to impotence
- later in life. Facial and chest hair may be sparse or missing and the voice
- may have a high pitch.
-
- Causes
-
- Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) is inherited as an X-
- Linked Recessive disorder. (Human traits, including the classic genetic
- diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from
- the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are
- conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X
- chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
- Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by
- the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X
- chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be
- expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their
- daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers
- of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier
- condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the
- disease to their sons.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Reifenstein Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. This disorder only
- occurs in males but females are the carriers of the genetic defect. There
- have been many reports of multiple males in a family inheriting the syndrome.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Reifenstein
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Klinefelter Syndrome is a disorder resulting from an excess of X
- chromosomes. This disorder affects males only and is characterized by small
- testes, lack of sperm, enlarged mammary glands and an abnormally small penis.
- There may also be a retardation of sex organ development, an absence of
- facial and body hair, lack of muscular development and a high pitched voice.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klinefelter" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Male Pseudohermaphroditism is a genetic disorder in which the individual
- has testes but possesses both female and male bodily sexual characteristics.
- The body type is usually female and the male characteristics are not apparent
- until puberty.
-
- 17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 17-
- Ketosteroid Reductase Deficiency and 17-Beta HSD) is a disorder in which the
- production of steroids is impaired. Male pseudohermaphroditis is present and
- there is no enlargement of the adrenal gland. This genetic defect is
- inherited as either autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive.
-
- 17-Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency (also known as 17-Hydroxylation
- Deficiency) is a disorder that usually goes undetected until adolescence.
- The adrenal gland and testes fail to produce androgens, while the ovaries
- produce no estrogens. Because males are not exposed to androgens during
- fetal development they are born with female external genitalia, although
- testes are buried within the abdominal cavity. Failure to menstruate or to
- develop secondary sexual traits such a breasts or body hair, as well as high
- blood pressure (hypertension) and low blood levels of potassium are
- characteristic.
-
- 3-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 3-Beta-HSD)
- is a deficiency of 3-Beta-HSD that occurs early in the chain of reactions
- required to produce adrenal steroid hormones. Hormones such as androgens,
- glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids all fail to be manufactured and
- affected infants usually survive no more than a few hours. Boys are born
- with female or ambiguous external genitalia. Females may have slight male
- characteristics because a weak form of androgen is present. However, a few
- patients with incomplete forms of this disorder do not show symptoms until
- later in childhood or adulthood. Their first menstruation may occur between
- the ages of 4 and 8, an enlarged clitoris is present, acne and advanced
- maturation of the skeleton may be seen, and there is unusual hairiness
- (hirsutism). Because this disorder expresses itself in a variety of ways, it
- has been suggested that several different genes may be involved.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The use of drugs that replace testosterone at an early age may restore
- fertility in males with Reifenstein Syndrome. Males with less severe forms
- of the syndrome such as the abnormality of the penis in which the urethra
- opens on the underside, may have corrective surgery. Corrective surgery may
- also be done on enlarged breasts in males. Patients with more severe defects
- may be raised as females and have corrective surgery performed before
- puberty. These patients may use estrogen therapy at puberty.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
- The treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The orphan drug Testosterone Sublingual is being tested for treatment of the
- delay in growth and puberty in boys with Reifenstein Syndrome. This drug is
- being manufactured by GYNEX, INC., 1175 Corporate Woods Parkway., Vernon
- Hills, Il 60061.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- April 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Reifenstein Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Dr. John Money
- Johns Hopkins University
- Professor, Pediatrics and Psychology
- 600 N. Wolfe Street
- Baltimore, MD 21205
-
- Hermaphrodite Association for Rehabilitative Transition
- P.O. Box 1303
- High Springs, FL 32643
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- Finding Our Own Way
- P.O. Box 1545
- Lawrence, KS 66044
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1711.
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver,
- et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 1931-32.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1399-1400, 1418.
-
- CLINICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO SUBJECTS WITH
- REIFENSTEIN SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITATIVE ABNORMALITIES OF THE
- ANDROGEN RECEPTOR: H.U. Schweikert et al.; Human Res (1987: issue 25(2)).
- Pp. 72-9.
-
-